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A study has found that artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots risk making people less intelligent by hindering the development of critical thinking, memory and language skills.
The study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) found that people who relied on ChatGPT to write had lower brain activity than those who used only their minds.
The group that used the AI also performed worse than the “brain-only” participants on a series of tests. Those who had used the AI also struggled when asked to complete tasks without it.
"Reliance on AI systems can lead to a passive approach and reduced activation of critical thinking skills when the person later performs tasks alone," the document states.
The researchers warned that the findings raised "concerns about the long-term educational implications" of AI use in both schools and the workplace.
This adds to a growing number of papers suggesting that people's brains 'turn off' when using artificial intelligence.
The MIT study monitored 54 people who were asked to write four essays. The participants were divided into three groups. One wrote the essays with the help of ChatGPT, another used online search engines to conduct research, and the third relied solely on brainpower.
Researchers then asked them questions about their essays while they performed so-called electroencephalogram (EEG) scans that measured activity in their brains.
Those who relied on ChatGPT, a so-called “large language model” that can answer complex questions in English, “performed worse than their counterparts in the brain-only group at all levels: neural, linguistic, punctuation,” the researchers said.
EEG scans revealed that “brain connectivity systematically decreased with the amount of external support” and was weakest in those who relied on artificial intelligence chatbots to help them write essays.
The readings in particular showed reduced "theta" brain waves, which are associated with learning and memory formation, in those using chatbots. "Essentially, some of the 'human thinking and planning' was freed up for work," the study said.
The impact of AI was in contrast to the use of search engines, which had relatively little effect on results.
Of those who had used the chatbot, 83% failed to provide any correct quotes from their essays - compared to about 10% of those who used a search engine or their own brainpower.
Participants who relied on the chatbot were able to recall very little information about their essays, suggesting that they either did not engage with the material or failed to remember it.
Those who used search engines showed only slightly lower levels of brain engagement compared to those who wrote without any technical aids and similar levels of memory.
The findings will fuel concerns that artificial intelligence chatbots are causing long-term damage to our brains.
A study by Microsoft and Carnegie Mellon, published in February, found that workers reported lower levels of critical thinking when relying on artificial intelligence. The authors warned that overuse of AI could leave cognitive muscles “atrophied and unprepared” for when they are needed.
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